@pschichtel As I mentioned in the comment, it uses its own Java version, that the launcher downloads for you.
Edit: After you mentioned it, I double checked if there is a setting for choosing the runtime, and it turns out it does let you do that, and after trying various versions, either telling me it won't work, or giving me the same error as with the default one, but I got it to work with 22.0.2 (The default one that comes with the launcher is 21.0.3)
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petr commented on 2021-10-08 09:04 (UTC)
The package version is the version of the launcher bootstrap - the part that actually downloads and updates the launcher.
That means the version number of the actual launcher (2.x.xxx) is different from the version here (9xx+) on a fundamental level, and should not be compared.
The package is outdated only when the bootstrap version you get here is different from the bootstrap version you would get from minecraft.net when using the raw tarball.